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5.0Number theory giving you sleepless nights? Take a nap - Nap1. Nap1 is your first number theory application. Calculate accurately up to 100,000 digits (40,000 on older devices) using its free arbitrary precision calculator. Then use one of the many special purpose calculators that implements algorithms such as the Euclidean algorithm, linear congruence theorem or Chinese remainder theorem. All these provide detailed, step by step explanations of the algorithm. Then see how these are applied today in the encryption section and learn how to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. Learn number theory concepts such as - modulus and congruence - prime numbers (including a powerful primality tester and large prime number finder) - Euclidean algorithm to calculate the GCD with - extended Euclidean algorithm to solve for the GCD coefficients - linear congruence theorem and modular multiplicative inverses - congruent powers by successive squaring - congruent roots - Chinese remainder theorem to solve simultaneous congruences or share secrets with - Fermat's little theorem, Euler's phi and Garner's formula - Egyptian fractions and the Erdős-Straus conjecture. After mastering these, move on to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. Learn how these concepts are applied today in the RSA Cryptosystem and see all the calculations required in detail. History Nap1 was born in a South African mathematics club. The following gives a brief overview of how that happened. It was written by Dr Danie Brink. I am a South African number theory enthusiast who teaches some of the principles of number theory to high school students in South Africa. I do this at a math club in the afternoon in Pretoria, South Africa. The math club is an extramural activity for students who are talented at mathematics and who like to do math just for the fun of it. At math club, we look at modular arithmetic and congruence, Fermat’s Little Theorem, Euler’s Formula, the Euler Phi-function, the Euclidean algorithm and consecutive squaring. The highlight of the course is where we combine these skills and use them to encrypt messages using the RSA algorithm. The culmination of the course happens when I publish a secret message on the Internet at a specific time. Students have to access the Internet at this time, from the comforts of their own homes, and use their number theory skills and knowledge of the RSA method to decrypt the message. When they have successfully decrypted the secret message, they text this message to my phone. Students also have to take pictures of all their work and send that to me – we do this so that we can verify that no other tools, other than paper, pencil and a basic calculator has been used to do the math. I sit at home and verify the message and declare a winner. I am currently busy with the fifth course and students are loving it every time. Last year, I invited adults to take part and this is where I met MG Ferreira, a very clever mathematician. MG quickly caught on to the course and was soon writing programs to do the encryption and decryption at the click of a button. We had breakfast together and decided to write a number theory app. That day was the start of the very difficult birth of the world’s best (and by all accounts, first) number theory app, called NAP1.
